After their service, veterans were given a piece of land, usually in their country of origin when in the empire, otherwise in the region where they had last served. In the Meuse Valley, after the repopulation of these regions after a total destruction between 250 and 350 AD, Roman garrisons were stationed, such as at Tongeren and Namur.

That is south of the Heirweg that ran from Cologne to England via Boulogne sur Mer. Just below, a century later, the current language border came into existence. To the north of this road lived the Germanic Franks, to the south the Romanized Franks. The three families live on the northern border of the Empire.

We wonder how it is possible that all the side branches that have been there naturally during these many thousands of years are extinct. We can only understand that when our ancestors have lived in a small, highly isolated, inaccessible area. Considering their previous origins, we can think of a mountain valley in Anatolia, present-day Turkey or something to the east in the mountain areas around Mesopotamia, in today's Iran.

The three families each with their own determining SNP. (4)

G2a2a1a1b1 - FGC6634

The Dutch family Marres / Mares
Marres FGC6628 — Mares Y89939

G2a2a1a1b2 - FGC34750

The Belgian family
Nolet

G2a2a1a1b3 - FGC42426

De Belgian family
Slootmaekers

These are there Haplotypes

DYS markers in blue field - DYS values in light yellow field - one genetic step higher in fawn - two steps higher in maroon - one step lower in light green - two steps lower in green.

Name	Clade	393	390	19a	19b	391	385 a	385 b	426	388	439	389 i	392	389 ii	458	459 a	459 b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464 a	464 b	464 c	464 d	460	GATA h4	YCA IIa	YCA IIb	456	607	576	570	CDY a	CDY b	442	438
B. Marres	FGC6628+	14	22	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	11	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	40	11	10
G. Marres	FGC6628+	14	22	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	11	20	20	15	14	17	17	33	39	11	10

A. Mares	Y89939+	14	23	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	10	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	38	11	12
G. Mares	Y89939+	14	22	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	10	20	20	15	14	17	18	32	38	11	11

F. Nolet	FGC34750+	14	22	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	17	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	28	12	13	14	14	11	11	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	38	11	10

M. Slootmaekers	FGC42426+	14	22	15	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	18	9	9	11	11	23	14	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	11	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	37	11	10

STR marker values tested at Full Genomes and determined by YSEQ

of the three Y15220 : Marres – Nolet – Slootmaekers

DYS markers in blue - DYS values in yellow - Not tested or no results in White.
One unit higher in fawn - two units higher in maroon - one unit lower in light green - two units lower in green.

NAME	393	390	19	391	385 a	385 b	426	388	439	389 i	392	389 ii	458	459 a	459 b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464 a	464 b	464 c	464 d	460	GATA h4	YCA IIa	YCA IIb	456	607	576	570	CDY a	CDY b	442	438	531	578	395 S1a	395 S1b	590	537	641	472	406 S1	511	425	413 a	413 b	557	594	436	534	450	444	481	520	446	617	568	487	572	640	492	565
Marres	14	22	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11	23	16	22	29	12	13	14	14	11	11	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	40	11	10	11	8	16	16	8	11	10	8	11	10	12	21	22	15	10	12	16	8	12	24	20	15	15	11	13	10	11	11	12
Nolet		22	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	16	9	9	11	11		16	22	29	12	12	13	14	11	12	20	20	15	14	17	18			11	10		8	16	16	8	11	10	8	11	10	0	20	22	15	10		16	8	12	23g		15		11			11	11	11
Slootmaekers	14	22	15	10	13	14	11	12	11	12	11	28	18	9	9	11	11	23	14	22	29	12	13	13	14	11	12	20	20	15	14	17	18	33	37	11	10	11	8	16	16	8	11	11	8	11	10		21	22	14	10	12	17	8	12	23g	20	15		11			11	11	12

Ancestral STR haplotype - Y14918 determined by YSEQ

Full Genomes	393	390	19	391	385 a	385 b	426	388	439	389 i	392	389 ii	458	459 a	459 b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464 a	464 b	464 c	464 d	460	GATA h4	YCA IIa	YCA IIb	456	607	576	570	CDY a	CDY b	442	438	531	578	395 S1a	395 S1b	590	537	641	472	406 S1	511	425	413 a	413 b	557	594	436	534	450	444	481	520	446	617	568	487	572	640	492	565
Ancestral	14	22	15	10			11	12	11	12	11	28	16			11	11	23	16	22	28					11	11	20	20	15	14	17	18			11	10	11	8			8	11	10	8	11	10	12			14	10	12	16	8	12	23g	20	15	13	11	13	10	11	11	12
Pre-ancestral	13	22	15	10			11	13	11	13	11	28	16			11	11	23	16	21	28					10	11	20	20	15	14	17	18			11	10	11	8			8	11	10	8	11	10	12			14	10	12	16	8	13	23g	21	14	13	11	14	10	11	11	12

The STR Tree of the Benelux group

Genogram-Marres-Mares-Nolet-Slootmaekers

In the family Marres G and B have a common ancestor five generations ago. They both have one single mutation. Expect is also 1 to 2.

In the family Mares, A and G have a common ancestor 10 generations ago. A has 4 mutations and G has 3. It is expected here 3 or 4. This fits nicely.

The branches Marres and Mares have a common ancestor 15 generations ago. The number of mutations is, respectively, B 2, G 2, A 4, and G 3 mutations. It is anticipated here 5. This is clearly at all less then expected.

The families Marres, Nolet and Slootmaekers have a common ancestor that lived between 30 to 60 generations ago. Counting STR mutations over such a long time is irrelevant because of convergence, what means parallel and reverse mutations. We will see a seemingly small number of mutations and a seemingly minor genetic distance.

Genetic distance
ID	Mrr B	Mrr G	Mr G	Mr A	Nolet	Sltm.
Marres-B	38	2	5	6	4	7
Marres-G	2	38	5	6	4	7
Mares-G	5	5	38	3	5	8
Mares-A	6	6	3	38	6	9
Nolet	4	4	5	6	38	5
Slootmaekers	7	7	8	9	5	38

In black the Genetic Distance. In green the number of markers used.

We can see that using STR mutations are useful for dating genetic distance between samples up to about 1000 years ago, but earlier than this, accuracy falls away, and using SNPs becomes the more reliable method.

The time estimated with STRs
ID	Mrr B	Mrr G	Mr G	Mr A	Nolet	Sltm.
Marres-B	37	210	360	360	300	360
Marres-G	210	37	450	450	360	450
Mares-G	360	450	37	300	450	630
Mares-A	360	450	300	37	450	630
Nolet	300	360	450	450	37	300
Slootmaek.	360	450	630	630	300	37

The time in years genealogical
ID	Mrr B	Mrr G	Mr G	Mr A
Marres-B	–	188	456	456
Marres-G	188	–	456	456
Mares-G	456	456	–	330
Mares-A	466	466	347	–

The time estimated with SNP's
ID	Y Tree	YFull indiv.	YFull gem.	R. Banks
Marres	1350	1958	1350	2000
Nolet	1350	1222	1350	2000
Slootmaekers	1350	931	1350	2000

Writer: E.C.W.L. (Boed) Marres, Amsterdam

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